The Batten School at William & Mary, in collaboration with the Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS) and Anchor QEA, has published the 2024 Dead Zone Report Card, which assesses the volume and duration of hypoxic or low-oxygen conditions in the Chesapeake Bay. The report indicates that the size of this year’s dead zone was slightly larger than the long-term average from 1985 to 2023, while the duration was notably shorter.
Dead zones occur when deep water has oxygen levels dropping below two milligrams per liter, making it difficult for marine creatures such as fish and blue crabs to survive. Each year, the Chesapeake Bay faces hypoxic conditions primarily caused by nutrient inputs, along with influences from wind and temperature. Monitoring these conditions is crucial for understanding the overall health of the Bay.
Professor Marjy Friedrichs from the Batten School and VIMS noted that the dead zone began in early May and peaked in June, which is earlier than typical seasonal peaks that usually occur in July or early August. Although initial hypoxia levels were above average, they significantly declined following Hurricane Debby in early August, resulting in low hypoxic water volumes persisting until early October.
Throughout summer 2024, hypoxia levels rose in May, staying above the long-term average in the first part of June. However, increased winds later in June contributed to a reduction in hypoxia levels. While the duration of hypoxia was lower than average, the total annual hypoxia volume was nonetheless higher than usual.
This annual report is developed using a computer model based on the Chesapeake Bay Environmental Forecast System (CBEFS) and works in conjunction with the Maryland Department of Natural Resources (DNR) monitoring efforts. The findings assist the Chesapeake Bay Program in tracking bay health against established nutrient management and water quality objectives.
Aaron Bever from Anchor QEA stated that this year’s findings align with earlier forecasts from the Chesapeake Bay Program’s statistical model, which relies on spring data for streamflow and nutrient loading. Professor Friedrichs remarked that the recent years of reduced hypoxia levels are encouraging signs of progress stemming from nutrient management strategies. However, there remains a need for ongoing efforts to combat water quality challenges intensified by climate change.
The Dead Zone Report Card is publicly available on the Batten School and VIMS website, which also provides real-time updates on various water quality metrics in the Chesapeake Bay.
Overall, the report paints a mixed picture of the health of the Chesapeake Bay, but with continued commitment to nutrient management, there is hope for improved conditions in the years to come. As climate change poses ongoing challenges, sustained efforts and adaptations will be essential for safeguarding this vital ecosystem.