As interest rates reach their highest levels in over two decades and inflation continues to pressure consumers, major banks are preparing for increased risks related to their lending activities.
In the second quarter, JPMorgan Chase, Bank of America, Citigroup, and Wells Fargo all increased their provisions for credit losses compared to the previous quarter. These provisions represent the funds that banks set aside to mitigate potential losses due to credit risk, including delinquent or bad debts, especially in areas such as commercial real estate loans.
JPMorgan set aside $3.05 billion for credit losses, while Bank of America allocated $1.5 billion. Citigroup’s allowance for credit losses reached $21.8 billion by the end of the quarter, significantly increasing its reserves, and Wells Fargo provisioned $1.24 billion.
These protective measures indicate that banks are bracing for a riskier lending environment that could lead to significant losses from both secured and unsecured loans. An analysis from the New York Fed highlighted that households in the U.S. now collectively owe $17.7 trillion in consumer, student, and mortgage loans.
Moreover, the issuance of credit cards has risen, along with the delinquency rates, as many individuals exhaust their pandemic-era savings and rely increasingly on credit. In the first quarter of this year, credit card balances surpassed $1 trillion for the second consecutive time, as reported by TransUnion. The commercial real estate sector also remains in a vulnerable position.
“We are still emerging from the COVID era, and the landscape of banking and consumer health has largely been influenced by the stimulus provided to consumers,” remarked Brian Mulberry, a portfolio manager at Zacks Investment Management.
However, any adverse impacts on the banks are anticipated in the upcoming months.
“The provisions noted for any specific quarter don’t necessarily reflect the credit quality of the previous three months but rather what banks foresee will happen in the future,” explained Mark Narron, a senior director at Fitch Ratings’ Financial Institutions Group.
He added an interesting shift in the banking system: “Historically, as loans began to fail, provisions would rise; now, macroeconomic forecasts are the primary drivers of provisioning.”
In the near future, banks are forecasting slower economic growth, an uptick in the unemployment rate, and the likelihood of two interest rate cuts later this year, potentially in September and December. This could lead to increased delinquencies and defaults as the year concludes.
Citi’s CFO Mark Mason noted that the emerging concerns predominantly affect lower-income consumers, who have seen their savings diminish in the years since the pandemic.
“While we still observe an overall resilient U.S. consumer, we also notice a marked difference in performance and behavior across varying income levels and credit scores,” Mason stated during a recent analyst call.
He elaborated that only consumers in the highest income quartile have managed to save more than they did at the start of 2019, and those with FICO scores over 740 are driving spending growth while maintaining high payment rates. Conversely, consumers with lower credit scores are experiencing significant drops in payment rates and are borrowing more as they face the brunt of high inflation and interest rates.
The Federal Reserve has held interest rates at a 23-year high of 5.25-5.5% while awaiting stabilization in inflation toward its target of 2% before implementing anticipated rate cuts.
Despite banks’ preparations for wider defaults later this year, Mulberry asserts that defaults are not yet rising at a rate indicative of a consumer crisis. He is particularly attentive to the differences between homeowners and renters during this period.
“While rates have risen considerably, homeowners benefited from locking in low fixed rates on their debts and are not feeling the pain as much,” Mulberry noted. “Renters, who missed out on that opportunity, face significant challenges.”
Rents have surged by over 30% nationwide from 2019 to 2023, while grocery costs have risen by 25% during the same period. Renters, unable to secure lower rates, are grappling with rental prices that have outpaced wage growth, leading to heightened financial strain.
Currently, the most significant takeaway from the latest earnings reports is that “there were no new developments this quarter concerning asset quality,” according to Narron. Strong revenues, profits, and resilient net interest income remain encouraging signs for the banking sector.
“There’s a level of strength in the banking sector that might not have been entirely unexpected, but it’s a relief to confirm that the structures of the financial system remain robust and sound,” Mulberry stated. “Nonetheless, as long as interest rates stay at this elevated level, they will undoubtedly cause more stress.”